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Copyright 1989-2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright notice and this notice are preserved. This file describes various problems that have been encountered in compiling, installing and running groff. Suggestions for additions or other improvements to this file are welcome. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Generic Problems ================ * Displaying a man page on a terminal with/without my favourite pager only gives garbage. groff by default now uses SGR escape sequences (`ANSI color') to control the display attributes (bold, underlined, colour) on TTYs. Some terminals (e.g. `kterm') don't understand SGR, and some pagers (e.g. older versions of `less' or `less' without the -R option) don't understand SGR either. There are three solutions to fix this, in order of preference; please read the grotty man page for more details. The fourth and probably best option is to update your terminal program and pager to versions which can handle SGR. 1. Set the GROFF_NO_SGR environment variable. 2. Pass option `-c' to grotty (this is, add `-P-c' to groff's command line options). 3. Append the following fragment to the `troffrc' file: --- start --- .if n \{\ . nr _C \n(.C . cp 0 . . \" The following code sets a top-of-page trap to disable grotty's TTY . \" mode. Since neither \X nor .output can be used before the first . \" page has started, we must use a trap. To make it work with troff's . \" -o option, we wait until the first printed page. . . de sgr@dummy . . . . rn wh wh@old . . \" The stand-alone version. If no other trap is set, we can safely . \" insert the truncated vertical space caused by the trap (if any). . \" Otherwise we assume that the document's main macro package takes . \" care of that. As soon as the trap has been executed, it is removed. . de1 no@sgr . if \\n[.P] \{\ . if (\\n[.t] == \\n[.p]) \{\ . rn wh@old wh . rm no@sgr . wh 0 . sp \\n[.trunc] . nop \X'tty: sgr 0' . sp -1 . \}\} . . . . wh@old 0 no@sgr . . \" The piggyback version to be appended to macros planted with the . \" modified `wh' request. . de1 no@sgr1 . if \\n[.P] \{\ . rn wh@old wh . ds no@sgr1 . nop \X'tty: sgr 0' . sp -1 . \} . . . . \" We redefine the `wh' request so that `no@sgr1' is appended to . \" the trap macro. . de1 wh . am1 \\$2 sgr@dummy . no@sgr1 . sgr@dummy . wh@old \\$1 \\$2 . . . . cp \n[_C] .\} --- end --- ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * The UTF-8 output of grotty has strange characters for the minus, the hyphen, and the right quote. Why? The used Unicode characters (U+2212 for the minus sign and U+2010 for the hyphen) are the correct ones, but many programs can't search them properly. The same is true for the right quote (U+201D). To map those characters back to the ASCII characters, insert the following code snippet into the `troffrc' configuration file: .if '\*[.T]'utf8' \{\ . char \- \N'45' . char - \N'45' . char ' \N'39' .\} ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * Processing mdoc man pages like `groff_mdoc.n' fails if I use `test-groff'. Why? The mdoc package works only after installation, not with test-groff. Reason is that the macro files of mdoc get stripped off the `doc-' prefix before they are copied to the final destination. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * My document says that the current year is 19100, not 2000. In groff, as in traditional troff, the yr number register yields the year minus 1900. Unfortunately, there is a longstanding bug in the Troff User's Manual , which incorrectly claims that yr is the last two digits of the year. This claim was never true of either Unix troff or of groff. If your text looks like this: .\" Wrong: This document was formatted in 19\n(yr. you can correct it as follows: This document was formatted in \n[year]. or, if you want to be portable to older troff versions, as follows: .nr y4 1900+\n(yr This document was formatted in \n(y4. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * groff can't handle my troff document. It works fine with AT&T troff. Read the section on incompatibilities in groff_diff(7). Try using the -C option. Alternatively there's the sed script `tmac/fixmacros.sed' which attempts to edit a file of macros so that it can be used with groff without the -C flag. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * gtroff doesn't understand lines like `.ce99' with no space between the name of the request or macro and the arguments. gtroff requires a space between macro or request and its arguments because it allows the use of long names for macros and requests. You can use the -C option or the `cp' request to put gtroff into a compatibility mode in which it is not possible to use long names for macros but in which no space is required between macros and their arguments. The use of compatibility mode is strongly discouraged. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * groff -Tdvi produces dvi files that use fonts at weird magnifications. Yes, it does. You may need to compile fonts with Metafont at these magnifications. The CompileFonts script in the devdvi/generate directory may help you to do this. (It takes a *long* time on slow computers.) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * Groff doesn't use the font names I'm used to. Use the `ftr' request. See groff_diff(7). ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * gpic output is not centered horizontally; pictures sometimes run off the bottom of the page. The macro package you are using is not supplying appropriate definitions of PS and PE. Give groff a -mpic option. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * gpic doesn't accept the syntax `chop N M' for chopping both ends of a line. The correct syntax is `chop N chop M'. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * With gpic -t, when I print `line ->; box' using a dvi to ps program, the arrow head sticks through into the inside of the box. The dvi to ps program should be modified to set the line cap and line join parameters to 1 while printing tpic specials. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * gtroff gives warnings about lines like .ev \" a comment (with a tab after the .ev). A tab character cannot be used as a substitute for a space character (except in one case: between a control character at the beginning of a line and the name of a macro or request). For example, in Unix troff .ps \" restore the previous point size (with a tab after the .ps) does NOT restore the previous point-size; instead it is silently ignored. Since this is very likely to be an error, gtroff can give a warning about it. If you want to align comments, you can do it like this: .ev\" \" a comment ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * I don't like the page headers and footers produced by groff -man. There seem to be many different styles of page header and footer produced by different versions of the -man macros. You need to put modified macros from tmac/an-old.tmac into man.local. More information is available in groff_man(7). ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * Where can I get grap? Ted Faber has written a freely available grap: http://www.lunabase.org/~faber/Vault/software/grap/ You need version 1.42 or newer. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * The \n(st and \n(sb registers don't seem to work. I thought \w set them to the height and depth of its argument, but the registers always seem to be 0. \n(st and \n(sb aren't supposed to give the height and depth of the string rather they give the minimum and maximum vertical displacement of the baseline. For example for \v'2u'\v'-3u', \n(st is 1 and \n(sb is -2. The height and depth of the string is available in the \n[rst] and \n[rsb] registers: these are groff extensions. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * While formatting a manual page, groff complains about not being able to break lines. The problem seems to be caused by a line like: .TP \w'label'+2 The -man documentation says that the default scale indicator for TP macro is `n'. The groff -man macros implement this correctly, so that the argument is evaluated as if it were \w'label'n+2n The Unix -man macros don't implement this correctly (probably because it's hard to do in Unix troff); they just append `n' to the entire argument, so that it is evaluated as if it were \w'label'u+2n The solution is to fix the manual page: .TP \w'label'u+2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * I'm having problems formatting man pages produced by the perl wrapman script. Some versions of wrapman have a superfluous blank line before the .TH line. This must be deleted. Then either use groff -C, or apply the following patch: *** wrapman.~2~ Sun Jan 19 12:10:24 1992 --- wrapman Tue Aug 10 02:06:41 1993 *************** *** 35,41 **** $line1 .= if $line1 =~ /eval/; $line1 .= if $line1 =~ /argv/; $line2 = ; ! next if $line2 eq "'di';\n"; # Pull the old switcheroo. --- 35,41 ---- $line1 .= if $line1 =~ /eval/; $line1 .= if $line1 =~ /argv/; $line2 = ; ! next if $line2 eq "'di ';\n" || $line2 eq "'di';\n"; # Pull the old switcheroo. *************** *** 49,56 **** print OUT $line1; print OUT < foo.ps See groff_tmac(5) for more information. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * When I print the output of groff -Tps, the output is always shifted up by about 0.7 inches; I'm using 8.5x11 inch paper. Make sure that the paper size is `letter'. See groff_tmac(5). ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * When I try to run gxditview, I get the error: Error: Widget viewport has zero width and/or height This error means you haven't correctly installed the application defaults file, GXditview.ad; `make install' does this for you automatically, so either you didn't do `make install', or you haven't passed a good `--appresdir=' argument to groff's configure script. See the X(7) man page for information how and where application resource files have to be located. Look for the XAPPLRESDIR and XUSERFILESEARCHPATH environment variables. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * When I preview documents using -TX75 or -TX100, the layout is not the same as when I print the document with -Tps: the line and page breaks come in different places. Use `groff -X -Tps'. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * When I try to print the output of groff -Tps, I get no output at all from the printer, and the log file shows the error %%[ error: undefined; offendingcommand: BP ]%% I'm using TranScript spooling software. This is a bug in the page reversal filter in early versions of TranScript. Change the `broken' parameter in /usr/local/lib/groff/font/devps/DESC to 7. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * When I preview groff -Tps output using the Sun OpenWindows 2.0 pageview program, all the pages are displayed on top of each other. This is a defect in pageview. Change the `broken' parameter in /usr/local/lib/groff/font/devps/DESC to 2. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * With groff -TX75, -TX100 or -X, I can only view the first page. The left mouse button brings up a menu that allows you to view other pages. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * When I print the output of groff -Tdvi, I just get a black dot in upper left corner. Some dvi drivers (notably early versions of xtex) do not correctly handle dvi files that use a resolution different from that used by dvi files produced by TeX. Try getting a more up to date driver. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * How can I use groff with an old LaserJet printer that doesn't work with groff -Tlj4? You have at least 3 options: - use groff -Tps with GNU Ghostscript; - use groff -Tdvi with a TeX .dvi to Laserjet driver; - use groff with the LaserJet driver in Chris Lewis' psroff package (available for ftp from: ftp.uunet.ca:/distrib/chris_lewis/psroff3.0pl17). ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * Groff seems to generate level 3 Postscript, but my printer is only a level 1 or 2 PostScript printer. In fact groff generates only level 2 PostScript (or rather level 1 with some extensions; see grops(1) for more information how to disable them). The `%!PS-Adobe-3.0' comment at the beginning of PostScript output generated by groff indicates that the file conforms to version 3.0 of the Adobe Document Structuring Conventions. The output generated by groff should be printable on any PostScript printer. Problems with groff output's not printing are most often caused by the spooling system. Platform-Dependent Macro Problems ================================= * I get lots of errors when I use groff with the AT&T -mm macros. Use the groff -mm macros. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * groff produces wrapper macros for `ms' and friends which call the system's original macros. Then, to get groff's ms macro package I have to use `-mgs' instead `-ms'. Can I avoid this? Yes. Configure and compile groff as usual, but install it with make install tmac_wrap="" Then no wrapper files are produced, and `-ms' uses groff's `ms' macros. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * I'm having problems formatting HP-UX 9.0 man pages with groff -man. Copy HP's tmac.an into /usr/local/share/groff/site-tmac/an.tmac, and either put `.cp 1' at the beginning or filter it (and any files it .so's) through tmac/fixmacros.sed. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * I get errors using the Unix -ms macros with groff -e -C. Apply this change: *** /usr/lib/ms/ms.eqn Tue Apr 25 02:14:28 1989 --- ms.eqn Sun Nov 11 10:33:59 1990 *************** *** 22,29 **** .. . \" EN - end of a displayed equation .de EN ! .if !\\*(10 .br .di .rm EZ .nr ZN \\n(dn .if \\n(ZN>0 .if \\n(YE=0 .LP --- 22,30 ---- .. . \" EN - end of a displayed equation .de EN ! .if \\n(.k>0 .br .di + .ds 10 \\*(EZ\\ .rm EZ .nr ZN \\n(dn .if \\n(ZN>0 .if \\n(YE=0 .LP ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * I'm having problems formatting Ultrix man pages with groff -man. The Ultrix man pages use a number of non-standard extensions to the Unix man macros. One solution is to use the Ultrix -man macros with groff. Copy /usr/lib/tmac/tmac.an to /usr/local/share/groff/site-tmac/an.tmac and apply the following patch (from Frank Wortner): *** /usr/local/lib/groff/tmac/tmac.an Wed Sep 9 12:29:28 1992 --- /usr/lib/tmac/tmac.an Fri Jul 24 19:58:19 1992 *************** *** 489,495 **** . \" make special case of shift out of italic .de }S .ds ]F ! .if \\$12 .if !\\$5 .ds ]F \^ .ie !\\$4 .}S \\$2 \\$1 "\\$3\f\\$1\\$4\\*(]F" "\\$5" "\\$6" "\\$7" "\\$8" "\\$9" .el \\$3 .}f --- 489,495 ---- . \" make special case of shift out of italic .de }S .ds ]F ! .if \\$12 .if !\\$5 .ds ]F\^ .ie !\\$4 .}S \\$2 \\$1 "\\$3\f\\$1\\$4\\*(]F" "\\$5" "\\$6" "\\$7" "\\$8" "\\$9" .el \\$3 .}f Another possible solution is to install tmac/man.ultrix as /usr/local/share/groff/site-tmac/man.local. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * On an SGI system, how can I make the man command use groff? From David Hinds (some of these steps are unnecessary if you install with the `g' Makefile variable defined as empty): Create a script called `eqn': > #! /bin/sh > if [ ${1:-""} = /usr/pub/eqnchar ] ; then shift ; fi > geqn $* and a script called `neqn': > #! /bin/sh > if [ ${1:-""} = /usr/pub/eqnchar ] ; then shift ; fi > geqn -Tascii $* and do: > ln -s gnroff nroff and edit the end of the gnroff script to be: > rest=`echo ${1+"$@"} | sed -e 's+/usr/lib/tmac+/usr/local/lib/groff/tmac+'` > exec groff -Wall -mtty-char $T $opts $rest To get PostScript output from `man -t', you also need to create a `psroff' script similar to `nroff'. Here are the context diffs: *** /usr/local/bin/nroff Sat Feb 13 15:51:09 1993 --- /usr/local/bin/psroff Sat Feb 13 17:45:46 1993 *************** *** 1,8 **** #! /bin/sh ! # Emulate nroff with groff. prog="$0" ! T=-Tascii opts= for i --- 1,8 ---- #! /bin/sh ! # Emulate psroff with groff. prog="$0" ! T=-Tps opts= for i *************** *** 25,30 **** --- 25,33 ---- -Tascii|-Tlatin1) T=$1 ;; + -t) + # ignore -- default is send to stdout + ;; -T*) # ignore other devices ;; *************** *** 49,53 **** rest=`echo ${1+"$@"} | sed -e 's+/usr/lib/tmac+/usr/local/lib/groff/tmac+'` # This shell script is intended for use with man, so warnings are # probably not wanted. Also load nroff-style character definitions. ! exec groff -Wall -mtty-char $T $opts $rest --- 52,56 ---- rest=`echo ${1+"$@"} | sed -e 's+/usr/lib/tmac+/usr/local/lib/groff/tmac+'` # This shell script is intended for use with man, so warnings are ! # probably not wanted. ! exec groff -Wall $T $opts $rest Compilation Problems ==================== * Compilation dies with y.tab.c: In function `int yyparse()': y.tab.c: `size_t' undeclared in namespace `std' * bison reports conflicts (either on stderr or in the `pic.output' file) while processing `pic.y', and the produced pic binary doesn't work at all. You need bison version 1.875b or greater. Alternatively, use yacc or byacc. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * There are many empty `Makefile.dep' files. Is this a bug? No. Real dependency files are created with a `make depend' call. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * On HP-UX, the compiler complains about missing symbol `alloca'. Say export LDFLAGS=-lPW before starting the configure script. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * The configure script fails on OS/390 (z/OS) Unix. [This has been fixed in z/OS V1R3 (aka OS/390 R13).] There is a bug in the Language Environment (LE) whereby the test program for static destructors fails. You see the message `configure: error: a working C++ compiler is required'. Applying PTF UQ42006 is supposed to fix this, but the test program is still returning the wrong value (1). To work around this problem, you can comment out the following in the configure script (near line 2029). This effectively bypasses the test (static constructors and destructors do actually work properly): #if { (eval echo "$as_me:2029: \"$ac_link\"") >&5 # (eval $ac_link) 2>&5 # ac_status=$? # echo "$as_me:2032: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 # (exit $ac_status); } && { ac_try='./conftest$ac_exeext' # { (eval echo "$as_me:2034: \"$ac_try\"") >&5 # (eval $ac_try) 2>&5 # ac_status=$? # echo "$as_me:2037: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 # (exit $ac_status); }; }; then # echo "$as_me:2039: result: yes" >&5 #echo "${ECHO_T}yes" >&6 #else # echo "$as_me: program exited with status $ac_status" >&5 #echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 #cat conftest.$ac_ext >&5 #echo "$as_me:2045: result: no" >&5 #echo "${ECHO_T}no" >&6;{ { echo "$as_me:2046: error: a working C++ compiler is required" >&5 #echo "$as_me: error: a working C++ compiler is required" >&2;} # { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } #fi ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * I get errors when I try to compile groff with DEC C++. Fix the declaration of write() in so that the second argument is a const char *. Fix the declaration of open() in so that the first argument is a const char *. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * On a host using Unix make (e.g. Solaris), if you are compiling for multiple architectures by building in a subdirectory, the make stops with a message like this: make: Fatal error: Don't know how to make target `assert.o' or like this: make: Fatal error: Can't find /u/src/groff/src/include/Makefile.sub': No such file or directory This occurs because GNU make and Unix make handle VPATH differently, and the groff build relies on GNU make's VPATH handling. Use GNU make to work around this. In Solaris 8 and 9, GNU make is on the Software Companion CD in package SFWgmake and is installed as /opt/sfw/bin/gmake. Prebuilt versions of GNU make for Solaris are also available from sunfreeware.com. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * On Ultrix, the make program stops with the message *** Error code 1 Stop. for no apparent reason. Use GNU make. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * I'm having problems compiling groff on 386BSD 0.1. If you're using ash as /bin/sh, you'll need the following patch. *** gendef.sh.org Sun Jun 30 13:30:36 1991 --- gendef.sh Sun Feb 28 10:23:49 1993 *************** *** 3,9 **** file=$1 shift ! defs="#define $1" shift for def do --- 3,10 ---- file=$1 shift ! x=$1 ! defs="#define $x" shift for def do You'll also need to change dirnamemax.c so that it doesn't use pathconf(). ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * While compiling on Xenix, ranlib libgroff.a fails. The system ranlib can't handle externals longer than 40 characters. Use the ranlib included in demon.co.uk:/pub/xenix/g++-1.40.3a.v1 instead. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * I get errors when I try to compile groff with Sun C++ version 3 or earlier. Groff requires header files that are moderately compatible with AT&T C++ and ANSI C. With some versions of Sun C++, the supplied header files need some of the following changes to meet this requirement: must declare the mem* functions, (just add `#include ' to ); the first argument to fopen and freopen should be declared as `const char *'; the first argument to fread should be declared as `void *'; the first argument to fwrite should be declared as `const void *'; malloc should be declared to return `void *'; in , the declaration `extern "C" { void *__builtin_alloca(int); }' should be added; in the return type and the second argument type of signal() should be changed to be `void (*)(int)'. You can either change them in place, or copy them to some other directory and include that directory with a -I option. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * I get errors when I try to compile groff with Forte Development 6 or 6u1, or Sun C++ version 5.0 through 5.2. This is a known problem; see Sun bug #4301919. See Sun patches 109482, 109490, 109508, and 109509 for fixes. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * I get warnings from the Sun linker while using gcc 3.4.0: ld: warning: relocation error: R_SPARC_UA32: file groff/src/libs/libgroff/libgroff.a(getopt.o): symbol optarg: external symbolic relocation against non-allocatable section .debug_info; cannot be processed at runtime: relocation ignored This seems to be a known problem (Sun bugs #4910101 and #4910810, filed in September 2003; gcc bug #15599, filed May 2004) without a public fix as of this writing. A work-around is to use option `-gstabs+' instead of `-g' (and a high probability that the output is only debuggable with gdb but not with Sun's debuggers). ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * I get lots of `numeric overflow' error messages whenever I run groff; I compiled groff with AT&T C++ 2.0 with an ANSI C compiler. Make sure -DCFRONT_ANSI_BUG is included in DEFINES in the top-level Makefile. If that doesn't solve the problem, define INT_MIN as -INT_MAX in libgroff/lib.h. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * In MacOS X, I want to completely replace the groff that came with the system. Use ./configure --prefix=/usr --mandir=/usr/share/man then make make install Note that subsequent system updates may replace your groff. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * When compiling on MacOS X 10.2, groff compiles but does not run well, especially `eqn', causing many `can't break line' messages. Use ./configure CXX=g++2 then make as usual.