NG4R3P

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/proc/self/root/usr/share/perl5/pod/

38.135.39.45

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a2p.pod	5.962 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perl.pod	15.429 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perl5004delta.pod	54.921 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
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perl58delta.pod	112.215 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlaix.pod	18.768 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
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perlartistic.pod	6.846 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlbeos.pod	2.867 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
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perlbs2000.pod	7.733 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlcall.pod	54.026 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
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perlcommunity.pod	6.293 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
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perldata.pod	36.331 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perldbmfilter.pod	4.863 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
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perldelta.pod	3.985 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
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perldiag.pod	207.818 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perldos.pod	10.275 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
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perlebcdic.pod	67.605 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
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perlfaq.pod	22.007 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
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perlfork.pod	12.782 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlform.pod	16.287 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlfreebsd.pod	1.554 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlfunc.pod	338.432 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlgit.pod	29.755 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlglossary.pod	110.655 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
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perlguts.pod	111.664 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlhack.pod	35.03 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlhacktips.pod	45.498 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
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perlhaiku.pod	1.469 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlhist.pod	43.319 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlhpux.pod	28.065 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlhurd.pod	1.94 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlintern.pod	42.532 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
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perlintro.pod	22.085 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perliol.pod	33.027 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlipc.pod	70.165 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlirix.pod	4.291 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perljp.pod	7.572 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlko.pod	7.521 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perllexwarn.pod	14.612 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perllinux.pod	1.453 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perllocale.pod	51.435 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perllol.pod	10.935 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlmacos.pod	0.978 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlmacosx.pod	10.399 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlmod.pod	24.041 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlmodinstall.pod	12.412 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlmodlib.pod	78.491 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlmodstyle.pod	20.757 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlmpeix.pod	14.236 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlmroapi.pod	3.128 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlnetware.pod	6.348 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlnewmod.pod	10.952 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlnumber.pod	8.156 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlobj.pod	33.653 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlootut.pod	25.604 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlop.pod	121.731 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlopenbsd.pod	1.176 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlopentut.pod	37.533 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlos2.pod	90.533 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlos390.pod	15.2 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlos400.pod	4.513 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlpacktut.pod	49.834 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlperf.pod	50.048 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlplan9.pod	5.005 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlpod.pod	21.27 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlpodspec.pod	66.203 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlpolicy.pod	19.726 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlport.pod	82.635 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlpragma.pod	5.105 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlqnx.pod	4.145 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
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perlrecharclass.pod	34.188 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlref.pod	28.319 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
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perlriscos.pod	1.493 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
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perltie.pod	37.02 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
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perlunicode.pod	70.891 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
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perlvar.pod	69.188 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
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perlwin32.pod	34.581 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
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perlxstut.pod	48.517 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
perlxstypemap.pod	22.966 KB	-rw-r--r--	2023-10-25 12:41	R E G D
REQUEST EXIT

=head1 NAME perlnumber - semantics of numbers and numeric operations in Perl =head1 SYNOPSIS $n = 1234; # decimal integer $n = 0b1110011; # binary integer $n = 01234; # octal integer $n = 0x1234; # hexadecimal integer $n = 12.34e-56; # exponential notation $n = "-12.34e56"; # number specified as a string $n = "1234"; # number specified as a string =head1 DESCRIPTION This document describes how Perl internally handles numeric values. Perl's operator overloading facility is completely ignored here. Operator overloading allows user-defined behaviors for numbers, such as operations over arbitrarily large integers, floating points numbers with arbitrary precision, operations over "exotic" numbers such as modular arithmetic or p-adic arithmetic, and so on. See L for details. =head1 Storing numbers Perl can internally represent numbers in 3 different ways: as native integers, as native floating point numbers, and as decimal strings. Decimal strings may have an exponential notation part, as in C<"12.34e-56">. I here means "a format supported by the C compiler which was used to build perl". The term "native" does not mean quite as much when we talk about native integers, as it does when native floating point numbers are involved. The only implication of the term "native" on integers is that the limits for the maximal and the minimal supported true integral quantities are close to powers of 2. However, "native" floats have a most fundamental restriction: they may represent only those numbers which have a relatively "short" representation when converted to a binary fraction. For example, 0.9 cannot be represented by a native float, since the binary fraction for 0.9 is infinite: binary0.1110011001100... with the sequence C<1100> repeating again and again. In addition to this limitation, the exponent of the binary number is also restricted when it is represented as a floating point number. On typical hardware, floating point values can store numbers with up to 53 binary digits, and with binary exponents between -1024 and 1024. In decimal representation this is close to 16 decimal digits and decimal exponents in the range of -304..304. The upshot of all this is that Perl cannot store a number like 12345678901234567 as a floating point number on such architectures without loss of information. Similarly, decimal strings can represent only those numbers which have a finite decimal expansion. Being strings, and thus of arbitrary length, there is no practical limit for the exponent or number of decimal digits for these numbers. (But realize that what we are discussing the rules for just the I of these numbers. The fact that you can store such "large" numbers does not mean that the I over these numbers will use all of the significant digits. See L<"Numeric operators and numeric conversions"> for details.) In fact numbers stored in the native integer format may be stored either in the signed native form, or in the unsigned native form. Thus the limits for Perl numbers stored as native integers would typically be -2**31..2**32-1, with appropriate modifications in the case of 64-bit integers. Again, this does not mean that Perl can do operations only over integers in this range: it is possible to store many more integers in floating point format. Summing up, Perl numeric values can store only those numbers which have a finite decimal expansion or a "short" binary expansion. =head1 Numeric operators and numeric conversions As mentioned earlier, Perl can store a number in any one of three formats, but most operators typically understand only one of those formats. When a numeric value is passed as an argument to such an operator, it will be converted to the format understood by the operator. Six such conversions are possible: native integer --> native floating point (*) native integer --> decimal string native floating_point --> native integer (*) native floating_point --> decimal string (*) decimal string --> native integer decimal string --> native floating point (*) These conversions are governed by the following general rules: =over 4 =item * If the source number can be represented in the target form, that representation is used. =item * If the source number is outside of the limits representable in the target form, a representation of the closest limit is used. (I) =item * If the source number is between two numbers representable in the target form, a representation of one of these numbers is used. (I) =item * In C<< native floating point --> native integer >> conversions the magnitude of the result is less than or equal to the magnitude of the source. (I<"Rounding to zero".>) =item * If the C<< decimal string --> native integer >> conversion cannot be done without loss of information, the result is compatible with the conversion sequence C<< decimal_string --> native_floating_point --> native_integer >>. In particular, rounding is strongly biased to 0, though a number like C<"0.99999999999999999999"> has a chance of being rounded to 1. =back B: The conversions marked with C<(*)> above involve steps performed by the C compiler. In particular, bugs/features of the compiler used may lead to breakage of some of the above rules. =head1 Flavors of Perl numeric operations Perl operations which take a numeric argument treat that argument in one of four different ways: they may force it to one of the integer/floating/ string formats, or they may behave differently depending on the format of the operand. Forcing a numeric value to a particular format does not change the number stored in the value. All the operators which need an argument in the integer format treat the argument as in modular arithmetic, e.g., C on a 32-bit architecture. C therefore provides the same result as C. =over 4 =item Arithmetic operators The binary operators C<+> C<-> C<*> C C<%> C<==> C C> C> C=> C=> and the unary operators C<-> C and C<--> will attempt to convert arguments to integers. If both conversions are possible without loss of precision, and the operation can be performed without loss of precision then the integer result is used. Otherwise arguments are converted to floating point format and the floating point result is used. The caching of conversions (as described above) means that the integer conversion does not throw away fractional parts on floating point numbers. =item ++ C<++> behaves as the other operators above, except that if it is a string matching the format C the string increment described in L is used. =item Arithmetic operators during C In scopes where C is in force, nearly all the operators listed above will force their argument(s) into integer format, and return an integer result. The exceptions, C, C<++> and C<-->, do not change their behavior with C =item Other mathematical operators Operators such as C<**>, C and C force arguments to floating point format. =item Bitwise operators Arguments are forced into the integer format if not strings. =item Bitwise operators during C forces arguments to integer format. Also shift operations internally use signed integers rather than the default unsigned. =item Operators which expect an integer force the argument into the integer format. This is applicable to the third and fourth arguments of C, for example. =item Operators which expect a string force the argument into the string format. For example, this is applicable to C. =back Though forcing an argument into a particular form does not change the stored number, Perl remembers the result of such conversions. In particular, though the first such conversion may be time-consuming, repeated operations will not need to redo the conversion. =head1 AUTHOR Ilya Zakharevich C Editorial adjustments by Gurusamy Sarathy Updates for 5.8.0 by Nicholas Clark =head1 SEE ALSO L, L